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AN OUTLINE ANALYSIS 

OF THE HISTORY 

OF ENGLAND 



Revised 



BY 

CLARENCE PERKINS, Ph. D. 

PROFESSOR iOF EUROPEAN HISTORY 
AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 



AN OUTLINE ANALYSIS OF THE 

HISTORY OF ENGLAND 

( Revised ) 



BY 



CLARENCE PERKINS, Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR OF EUROPEAN HISTORY AT 
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 



THE COLLEGE BOOK STORE 

COLUMBUS, OHIO 

July, 1918 



-c\ 






Copyright, 1918, by 
CLARENCE PERKINS 



Published July, 1918 



©CI.A503026 

AUG -5 1918 



PRESS OF 

THE F. J. HEER PRINTING CO. 

COLUMBUS, OHIO 

1918 



PREFACE 



This "Outline" is a revision and enlargement of the "An Outline 
Analysis of the History of England" prepared by the writer 
for the use of his classes in English History at the Ohio State 
University in 1912. This won favor and the writer hopes that the 
following outline bringing the skeleton of the facts down to 1914 may 
be of some assistance to other teachers and students of English History. 

The purpose of the outline is not to provide a general summary of 
the facts, but merely a scheme of organization to suggest to the student 
what topics to emphasize in his reading and to teach him to distinguish 
between essentials and non-essentials. Hence the facts are not usually 
stated, but the student is left to work them out from his readings in text- 
books and reference books. It is assumed that the student will read 
thoroughly a good college text-book of English History such as Cross, 
History of England and Greater Britain, or Tout, Advanced History 
of Great Britain. In addition to the text-book students should read 
part or all the references to other books. Where the numerals (1), (2), 
(3) each precede a reference to a different book, it is suggested that 
the student read any one reference. Such references as have been 
included in the "Outline" are not a complete bibliography, but merely 
suggestions for reading. 

The writer wishes especially to acknowledge his indebtedness to his 
colleague, Professor W. C. Harris, for the valuable "Suggestions for the 
Study of Great Authors" and his very many helpful criticisms. Undoubt- 
edly these have added much to the present pamphlet. 

Clarence Perkins, 
Ohio State University, Columbus. 
July 12, 1918. 

(3) 



SUGGESTIONS FOR THE STUDY OF GREAT 

AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS ON 

ENGLISH HISTORY 



Students of English History should have some familiarity with the 
best-known authors and their most important works. The instructor 
may from time to time assign to a student for a class report, one of the 
following names : 

John Richard Green 

William Stubbs 

Edward Augustus Freeman 

Charles Gross 

Henry Hallam 

Frederick W. Maitland 

Thomas Erskine May 

John Lingard 

James Anthony Froude 

Samuel Rawson Gardiner 

Thomas Babbington Macaulay 

The student will then proceed as follows: (1) Go to the library 
and consult the card catalogue. (2) Consult the Enyclopedia Britannica. 
(3) Consult the Dictionary of National Biography. (4) Consult Poole's 
Index or the Reader's Guide for references to periodical literature. The 
volumes covering the period for the year of the author's death or the 
year following will usually give references to articles commenting on 
his life and works. In seeking information the student should have in 
mind such questions as these: (1) What are the bare facts of the author's 
life? (2) How did his life and his environment affect his historical 
writing? (3) Which of his works are particularly important for a student 
of English History to know about? (4) What are the titles of these 
works, number of volumes, date of first publication, and period covered? 
(5) In what period or phase of history is the author a specialist? (6) Is 
he biased or prejudiced? (7) Is he accurate? (8) What are the 
qualities of his style? 

The student having reported to the class, ithe instructor may ask each 
member to read and examine for an hour or so the works reported 
upon in order to know that each student becomes familiar with the books. 
Then each student may hand to the instructor a signed statement as fol- 
lows : "I have read , ■>.... for two hours. John Doe." 

author title 

(4) 



I. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE BRITISH ISLES AND 

THEIR INFLUENCE ON BRITISH HISTORY. 

II. BRITAIN BEFORE THE ANGLO-SAXON CONQUEST. 

1. Pre-historic man in Britain. 

2. Character of Celtic civilization and its influence on the later 

history of the island. 

3. Britain under the Romans. 

A. The Roman conquest. Time. Causes. Leaders. Events. 

B. Character of the Roman occupation. 

C. Results of Roman rule in Britain. Extent to which the 

Britons were Romanized. 

III. ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND. 

1. The customs and institutions of the Anglo-Saxons before the 

conquest. Reasons for their migration to Britain. 

2. Main events of the conquest — its general character and results. 

Compare with the Roman conquest. The names and general 
location of the chief tribal states at the close of the period of 
invasions. 

3. Forces leading to the unification of Anglo-Saxon England. 

A. The successive overlordships of tribal states. Importance 

of Wessex. 

B. Influence of Christianity. The Synod of Whitby and the 

work of Theodore of Tarsus. Political significance. 

C. The Danish invasions of the ninth century. 

a. Causes, b. Character, c. King Alfred saves Wes- 
sex. d: Results. 
B. King Alfred and his successors. 

a. Personality, character, and work of King Alfred. 

b. Immediate successors of Alfred and their work. 

c. Dunstan and his influence. 

Reference : 

Wm. Stubbs, Historical Introductions to the Rolls Series, 1-34. 

4. The Danish Conquest. 

A. Causes of invasions. 

B. Why they were successful. 

C. Policies of Cnut, King of England, 1017-1035. 

a. Methods of government. 

b. Extent of changes made. 

D. Failure of Cnut's successors. The restoration of the Saxon 

line under Edward the Confessor. Results of the Danish 
invasions. 



5. Institutions and civilization of Anglo-Saxon England. 

A. Government — central and local. Territorial divisions. 

B. Legal institutions. 

C. Social classes. 

D. The manor and the agricultural system. 

E. The Church, learning, and literature. 

IV. ENGLAND UNDER THE ABSOLUTE MONARCHY OF THE 
NORMAN KINGS. 

1. The Norman conquest. 

A. Causes and events which led to the conquest. 

a. Conditions in England under Edward the Confessor 

and Harold which made the conquest possible. 

b. Conditions on the Continent which facilitated the 

invasion. 

c. Character and career of William, Duke of Normandy, 

up to 1066. 

d. Events leading up to the conquest. 

B. The conquest. 

a. Battle of Senlac (or Hastings), 1066. 

b. The completion of the conquest. 

C. Policies of William I. Influence of the Norman conquest 

on English institutions and the development of the Eng- 
lish nation. 

a. Effects on the government and foreign relations. 

Domesday Book. 

b. The feudal system before and after the conquest. 

Compare with Continental feudalism. 

c. The Church. 

d. Economic and social effects. 

e. Language, literature, and art. 

D. Compare with earlier conquests. 

References : 

(1) Adams, English History 1066-1216, pp. 9-26, 38-71. 

(2) Davis, England under the Normans and Angevins, pp. 1-14, 30-66. 
(3>) Freeman, William the Conqueror, old edition, 122-146, 157-200; 

or new edition, 180-214, 229-286. 

2. England under William II. 

A. Personal character of the king — importance of this. 

B. Baronial revolts. 

C. William IPs quarrel with the Church. 

a. Causes. 

b. Events. 

c. Outcome. 

D. William IPs policy toward Normandy. 

3. England under Henry I. 

A. Character and abilirty of the king. 



B. His policies. 

a. The charter of liberties. 

b. Baronial revolts. The conquest of Normandy. 

c. Quarrel with the church. 

d. Policy toward the towns. 

D. Development of the machinery of royal government. 

a. Character of Henry's officials. 

b. Administration of justice. 

(1) The curia regis. 

(2) Itinerant justices. 

(3) Local courts and private jurisdictions. 

c. The exchequer. 

References : — 

(1) Adams, England 1066-1216, pp. 112-126, 151-162, 181-187. 

(2) Davis, England under the Normans and Angeirins, 118-146 

(especially 133-146). 

4. England under King Stephen — the period of anarchy. 

A. Causes of the weakening of the government and the civil 

war. 

B. Effects on England. 

C. The outcome of the struggles. 

V. ENGLAND UNDER THE ANGEVIN KINGS. 

1. Henry II. 

A. Personal character of the king — his methods and habits. 

B. The Angevin Empire — its history and extensions under 

Henry II. 

a. Territories of Henry II. How they were acquired. 

b. Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. 

' c. Continental wars — objects and extent of success. 

C. His quarrel with Thomas Becket. 

a. Remote and immediate causes in detail. Compare 

with previous quarrels. 

b. The Constitutions of Clarendon. 

(1) Main provisions. (2) How Becket was in- 
duced to assent. (3) Who was in the right, 
the king or the archbishop? Give evidence. 

c. The trial at Northampton and its outcome. 

d. Later events. The murder of Becket and the king's 

penance. 

e. Outcome of the struggle. Where was the popular 

sympathy? Why? 
B. His constitutional and legal, and military reforms. 

a. The need of reforms in government and law. 

b. Extension of the exchequer and curia regis. Ad- 

vantages to the king and the people, especially the 
common law. 



B. 
C. 



D. 



c. The new procedure. 

(1) Origins of the jury. Use before Henry II. 

(2) Judicial methods which Henry II found in 

use. 

(3) Forms of jury which Henry II introduced. 

(a) Indictment juries. (b) Recognition 
juries. 

(4) Completion of the jury system in later years. 

(5) Why did the kings favor jury trial? 

d. Military reforms. 

(1) Scutage. (2) The Assize of Arms. 

2. Richard I. 

A. Personal character and exploits. 

B. Importance of his reign in English history. 

3. John (Lackland) and the beginnings of limited monarchy. 

A. Character of the king. Compare with William II. 

Loss of the Angevin inheritance. Influence on England. 

Conflict with the Church and its influence. Compare its 
causes and character with those of previous conflicts 
between English kings and the Church. 

Magna Carta, 1215. 

a. Objects of the barons. 

b. How the Chanter was won. 

c. Main provisions of the Charter. 

(1) Feudal obligations. 

(2) Administration of law and justice, especially 
chapter 36. Did the Charter provide for the 
Writ of Habeas Corpus or trial by jury? 

(3) Fundamental principles of the constitution, 
especially chapters 12, 14, 39-40. Did the 
Charter give equal rights to all Englishmen, 
i. e., was it a feudal or national document? 
Did it provide for no taxation without rep- 
resentation? 

(4) How the Charter was to be enforced. Com- 
pare with the United States Constitution. 
Defects of the Charter. 

Importance of the Charter — its influence on the 
constitutional development of England. How and 
why its importance was overestimated in laiter 
centuries. Its historical value as a source. 

John's conduct after granting the Charter. 

Attitude of the pope. Why? 



d. 



Reference: — 

Henry II. 

(1) Mrs. J. R. Green, Henry II, 39-126 and as much more of the 
volume as possible. 



(2) Maitland, Constitutional History of England, 115-131; and either 

Davis, England under the Normans and A ngcvins, 181-222, 257- 
285, or Adams, England 1066-1216, pp. 255-260, 275-295, 320-326, 
351-357 and Cheyney, Short History of England, 147-156. 

(3) Stubbs, The Early Plantagenets, 34-109 and Maitland, Constitu- 
tional History of England, 115-131. 

Magna Carta. 

(1) Taswell-Langmead, English Coiistitutional History, chapter 4. 

(2) Davis, England under the Normans and Angevins, 353-392 and 

University of Pemisylvania Translations and Reprints, vol. I, 
no. 6, pp. 6-17. 

VI. ENGLAND UNDER THE EARLY PLANTAGENETS. 

1. The manuscript records of medieval English History. Historical 

bibliography of the medieval period. See Charles Gross, 
Sources and Literature of English History to 1483. 

2. Henry III and the rise of a national baronial opposition to the 

Crown. 

A. The period of the king's minority and tutelage, 1216-1234. 

a. How England was won for Henry III. Conditions 

at his accession. 

b. Constitutional importance of these eighteen years. 

B. Period of Henry Ill's personal rule — the causes which led 

to the crisis of 1258 and the Provisions of Oxford. Make 
a detailed list. 

C. The baronial revolts against Henry III. 

a. Work of the Mad Parliament — the Provisions of 

Oxford. 

b. The Barons' War. 

(1) Immediate causes, 1259-1263. 

(2) Mise of Amiens, 1264, and its effects. 

(3) The Battle of Lewes and the Mise of Lewes 
— England ruled by Simon de Montfort, 
1264-1265. His motives — revenge, or the 
liberty of the English people? 

(4) The Parliament of 1265. 

(a) Purposes, (b) Compare with previous 
parliaments, (c) Its importance and 
effects. 

(5) The Battle of Evesham and its results. 

c. Results. 

3. Edward I, the English Justinian. 

A. King Edward — his character, personality, and plans, and 

those of his leading ministers. 

B. Wars of Edward I and Edward II. 

a. The conquest of Wales. 

b. Continental wars. 

c. Wars for the conquest of Scotland. 

9 



(1) Causes. 

(2) The first conquest (1296) and Edward I's 

disposition of Scotland. 
(3 The Scotch rising under Wallace and its re- 
sults. 

(4) Second conquest (1303-1305). 

(5) Rising of Robert Bruce (1306). The Battle 
of Bannockburn (1314). 

(6) General results of these wars. 

C. The growth of parliamentary institutions. 

a. Causes which led Edward I to experiment in develop- 

ing parliamentary institutions. 

b. Precedents for parliament and important instances of 

summons to so-called parliaments before 1295. 

c. The Model Parliament, 1295. 

(1) Why summoned. 

(2) Composition — importance of this. 

(3) How and why the composition of later parlia- 

ments tended to change early in the four- 
teenth century. Significance of this. 

d. The Confirmation of the Charters, 1297. Why 

granted. Its importance. 

D. Relations between Edward I and the Church. 

a. Causes of difference between the king and the popes 

and archbishops. Compare with earlier quarrels. 

b. Events. 

c. The settlement. 

E. Legislation of Edward I. 

a. His aims in legislation. 

b. Statutes dealing with administration. • Compare stat- 

utes with local customary law, common law, assizes. 

(1) Statute of Westminster I (1275). 

(2) Statute of Gloucester (1278). 

(3) The Statute of Winchester. 

c. Anti-clerical statutes. Why Edward I issued them. 

(1) Statute of Mortmain. 

(2) The Writ "Circumspecte agatis". 

d. Statutes dealing with the land law. 

(1) Statute of Entails ("De donis condi- 

tionalibus"). 

(2) Statute of "Quia Emptores". 

(3) Significance and results of these. 

e. How the Statute of Mortmain and the land laws were 

evaded. 

References : — 

Tout, Edward I, pp. 58-85 ; and either Tout, Edward I, pp. 120-163, 
191-198, or Taswell-Langmead, English Constitutional History, 
182-209 and Maitland, Constitutional History of England, 64-91. 

10 



VII. CIVILIZATION OF ENGLAND IN THE TWELFTH AND 
THIRTEENTH CENTURIES. 

1. Learning and literature. 

A. The universities. 

a. The monastic schools and their curricula. 

b. Origin of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. 

Meaning of university? Of its degrees? 

c. Origin and importance of the collegiate system. 

(1) Influence of the friars. 

(2) Purposes of the colleges. 

(3) Their place in the educational system and 

their history since the 13th century. 

d. The university studies — scholasticism. 

e. Student life. 

f. Leading teachers and learned men of the period and 

their writings. 

B. Literature. 

a. Literature in Norman-French. 

b. Literature in English. 

c. Literature in Latin. 

(1) Development of historical writing in the 13th 

century — the St. Albans School — Roger of 
Wendover and Matthew Paris. Character 
and importance of their work. 

(2) The great law writers — Glanville and Bracton. 

Compare with modern authorities. 

C. Languages used in thirteenth century England. When and 

how did the English language develop? Of what ele- 
ments is it composed? 

2. The Church. 

A. Organization and government in England. 

B. The monastic movement. 

a. New orders of the 11th and 12th centuries. 

(1) Cistercians. (2) Military orders. 

b. Life in the monasteries. 

(1) Buildings. (2) Organization. (3) Daily life. 

c. New orders of the 13th century. The Mendicants — 

Franciscans and Dominicans — and their work. 

C. Relations between Church and State. Increase of papal 

interference in the English Church. 

3. Architecture and Art. 

A. Ecclesiastical architecture. 

a. The Norman style — its main features. Durham 

Cathedral. 

b. The Early English style — its main features. Salisbury 

Cathedral. 

c. The later Decorated and Perpendicular styles — their 

main features. Gloucester Cathedral. - 

11 



B. Secular architecture. 

a. Castles. 

(1) The Norman castles. 

(a) Purposes, (b) General plan and 
chief features, (c) Sites. 

(2) Characteristics of the 13th and 14th century 

castles. 

(3) Tendencies in later castle construction. 

b. Domestic architecture. 

(1) Manor houses. See Robinson, Readings in 

European History, I, 404-405. 

(2) Houses of the common folk. 
Social and economic conditions. 

A. Fusion of Normans and English — how soon it took place. 

B. Life of the aristocracy. Titles and extent of wealth. 

a. Work of the aristocracy. 

b. Daily life in a manor house. Amusements, food, and 

dress. 

C. The manorial system. 

a. Origins. 

b. Organization of the manor — the agricultural system. 

(1) The desmesne. 

(2) Holdings of the villagers. 

(3) The common lands. 

(4) Methods of cultivation Staple crops. De- 

scribe and criticize. 

(5) Manorial records. See Robinson, Readings in 

European History, I, 399-404. 

c. Revenues of the lord from the manor. 

d. Restrictions on the freedom of the villeins. Life in 

the villages. 

e. Tendencies working toward removal of these restric- 

tions. 

D. Trade and town life. 

a. Growth of towns. Time? 

(1) Causes. Where located? 

(2) Privileges acquired by royal charters. 

(3) Chief industries of the towns. 

(4) The leading towns of England, names and 

location. 

b. The guild system. Advantages and disadvantages. 

(1) Merchant guilds. (2) Craft guilds. Their 
character, functions, and importance. Com- 
pare with modern trade unions. 

c. Function of markets and fairs in medieval trade. 

Customs and courts of the markets and fairs. 

d. Means of travel, and travellers in medieval England. 

Cf. Jusserand, English Wayfaring Life in the Mid- 
dle Ages. 

12 



E. The Jews in medieval England and their relations tc s>, « 

Crown and people. 

F. Public health in medieval England. 

G. Crime and criminals in medieval England. Extent to which 

law and order were maintained. 
H. The art of war in medieval England. Gradual changes in 
the period. 

References : — 

(The first references to Traill, Social England are to the new 

illustrated edition; those in parentheses refer to the old edition 

without illustrations). 

Cross, History of England and Greater Britain, 125-132, 157-165, 211- 

224; or Tout, Advanced History of Great Britain, 146-156, 

242-251; and selections from the following topical references: 

THE UNIVERSITIES. 

(1) Rashdall, The Universities of the Middle Ages, Vol. II, espe- 

cially 388-417, 440-542, 593-709. 

(2) Traill, Social England, I, 481-495 or (332-343), 613-627 or 

(429-440), and II, 85-103 or (61-74). 

(3) Graves, History of Education during the Middle Ages, 72-94, 

and Jessopp, The Coming of the Friars, 264-291, 295-299. 

LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE. 

Traill, I, 495-512 or' (344-356) and 628-640 or (440-450); Taine, 
History of English Literature ; or Jusserand, Literary History 
of the English People. 

THE CHURCH. 

(1) Traill, II, 24-43 or (18-32) and I, 550-558 or (382-388). 

(2) Jessopp, The Coming of the Friars, chapter I, and Bateson, 

Medieval England, 330-375. 

ARCHITECTURE AND ART. 

Traill, I, 457-481 or (319-332) and 592-613 or (415-428). 

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. 

(1) Traill, I, 512-558 or (356-388) ; 660-690 or (450-482) ; II, 131-143 

or (92-100) ; and I, 428-438 or (299-304). 

(2) Traill, I, 665-678, 428-438 or (471-482, 299-304) ; and either 

Bateson, Medieval England, 281-301, 376-418; Cheyney, In- 
dustrial and Social History of England, 31-94; or F. W. Tick- 
ner, Social and Industrial History of England, 10-84, 132-147. 

VIII. ENGLAND UNDER THE LATER PLANTAGENETS. 

1. The baronial revolts against Edward II. 

A. Causes. 

B. The crown put into commission. 

a. The Lords Ordainers, their character and objects. 

13 



b. The Ordinances. 

c. Why their rule was only temporary. 

d. Constitutional importance of the movement. 

C. The Despensers rule the king and the realm. 

D. The successful insurrection. 

a. Conditions which made it possible. 

b. Trial and deposition of the king. 

c. Constitutional importance of this. 
The Hundred Years' War under Edward III. 

A. Character and policies of Edward III. 

B. Causes of the war. 

C. The first period of the war (to 1360). 

a. Campaigns in the Netherlands — Battle of Sluys. 

b. Invasion of Normandy — Battle of Crecy and capture 

of Calais. 

c. The Black Prince in Aquitaine — Battle of Poitiers. 

d. Reasons for the English victories. 

e. Treaties of Bretigny and Calais (1360). 

(1) Provisions. 

(2) Defects. 

f. Results of the war to England and France. 

D. Second period of the Hundred Years' War, (1369-1377). 

a. Causes leading to the renewal of war. 

b. Character and events of the campaigns. Summary. 

c. Reasons for the French victories. Results. 

The greait reform movements of the later fourteenth century in 
England. 

A. The movement for religious reform. 

a. Causes. 

b. Progress of the movement. 

(1) Statutes of Provisors and Praemunire, (1351- 

1353). 

(2) Refusal to pay tribute to the pope (1366). 

c. The work of John Wycliffe. 

(1) His character and program. Gradual develop- 

ment of his radical ideas. 

(2) Causes of his alliance with John of Gaunt. 

(3) Results of the Wycliffite movement. To what 

extent a success or a failure and why. 

B. The movement for political reform. The rise of par- 

liament. 

a. Powers already won by parliament and how they had 

been obtained. 

b. The need for reforms in government. 

c. Work of the Good Parliament, (1376). 

d. Temporary victory of John of Gaunt, as head of 

Richard IPs council of regency. 

e. To what extent was the movement essentially popular? 

Evidence. 

14 



C. The movement for economic and social reform — the Peas- 
ants' Revolt of 1381. 

a. Causes. 

(1) The great plagues and their effects. The 

Statute of Laborers. 

(2) Widespread unrest among the masses. Causes? 

(3) The poll taxes. 

b. Objects of the insurrectionists. 

c. Suppression of the revolt. 

d. Its effects. 

4. The struggle between the constitutional opposition party under 

baronial leadership and King Richard II. 

A. Causes of the struggle. 

B. Defeat of the Courtiers. The Merciless Parliament and the 

Lords Appellant (1388). 

C. Causes and events which led to the Lancastrian Revolution 

of 1399 and Richard IPs deposition. 

D. Accession of Henry IV. 

5. Social and intellectual characteristics of the period. 

A. Increasing use of the English language. 

B. Great literary development. 

(1) Chief writers and their works. 

(2) Reasons for this development. 

References :— Taswell Langmead, English Constitutional History (new 
edition) 210-227, or (old edition) 259-282. G. M. Trevelyan, Eng- 
land in the Age of Wycliffe is excellent. 

IX. ENGLAND UNDER THE LANCASTRIAN AND YORKIST 
KINGS. 

1. Significance and results of the Lancastrian revolution. 

A. Enthronement of the party of constitutional opposition and 

religious orthodoxy. 

B. Increase of powers of parliament. 

a. Specific powers won. 

b. How and why won. 

C. Orthodoxy enforced by the government. Heresy legislation. 

D. Revolts against Henry IV. 

2. The last half of the Hundred Years' War, 1414-1453. 

A. Causes of the renewal of the war. Character of Henry V. 

B. Henry V's expeditions to France. 

a. Battle of Agincourt. 

b. Results. 

(1) English influence helps to heal the Great 
'Schism. 

(2) Conquest of Normandy. 

(3) Alliance with Burgundy and the Treaty of 

Troyes. 

(4) Coronation of Henry VI as king of France. 

15 



C. Disastrous end of the war. 

a. Joan of Arc arouses French national patriotism and 

turns the tide. 

b. Gradual withdrawal of the English. Their final de- 

feats. Reasons. 

3. The Wars of the Roses. 

A. Causes. 

a. Rise of a "New Feudalism". 

■b. Maladministration of government. Jack Cade's Re- 
bellion. 

c. Yorkist claims and objects. 

d. What was the fundamental cause? 

B. Main characteristics of the wars. Summary of events. 

C. Results of the wars. 

4. Edward V, Richard III, and the causes of the revolution which 

placed the Tudors on the throne. 

5. Characteristics of Britain in the fifteenth century. 

A. State of the Church. 

B. Intellectual developments. 

a. Intellectual sluggishness of the early fifteenth century. 

b. Establishment of new schools. 

c. Writers of the age and their works. 

d. Advent of humanism to England. 

e. Beginning of printing. 

C. Material prosperity. 

D. Scotland in the fifteenth century. 

X. THE EARLY TUDOR PERIOD. 

1. General characteristics of the Tudor period. 

A. Political. Relations of parliament and the kings. Were 

the Tudors despots? 

B. Religious. Beginnings of the Protestant Revolt. 

C. Intellectual. The Renaissance spreads to England. 

D. Economic and social. Growth of material prosperity. 

2. England under Henry VII. 

A. Foreign policies. 

a. Objects, b. Extent of success. 

B. Domestic policies and how they were carried out. 

a. His policies toward the remaining Yorkists. Methods 

used to end the Wars of the Roses and make his 
throne secure. 

b. Treatment of the middle classes. 

c. Policies toward parliament. Financial policies. Com- 

pare with those of William II. 

d. Welsh and Irish policies. Poynings's Law. 

C. Results of Henry VII's reign. 



16 



References : — 

Innes, England under the Tudors, 1-8, 45-58; and if possible, Taswell- 
Langmead, English Constitutional History, 290-294 (new edition) ; 
and Gardiner, Henry VII. 

3. England under Henry VIII to the opening of the Protestant 
Revolt. 

A. Character and personality of the king. 

B. The foreign policy of England under Cardinal Wolsey's 

influence. 

a. Objects. 

b. Attitude of England toward important Continental 

affairs. The rivalries of Charles V and Francis I. 

C. Domestic policies of Henry VIII and Wolsey. 

a. Character and personality of Wolsey. 

b. His policy toward the nobles and the commons in par- 

liament. 

c. Wolsey's attitude toward church reform and education. 
References : — 

(H Creighton, Cardinal Wolsey. 124-149. 

(2) Innes, England under the Tudors, 59-85. 

(3) Pollard, Henry VIII, 108-135. 

XI. THE PROTESTANT REVOLT IN ENGLAND. 

1. Causes and events which led up to the separation from the Roman 
jurisdiction. 

A. The divorce question and the fall of Wolsey. 

a. Origin. 

b. Efforts of the king and Wolsey to secure papal con- 

sent. 

c. Why these efforts failed. 

(1) The papal predicament. 

(2) Henry's haste makes Wolsey's task very hard. 

d. Reasons which account for the failure and fall of 

Wolsey. 
References : — 

(1) Pollard, Henry VIII, 43-46, 172-194, (195-209), 210-219, 228-238. 

(2) Creighton, Cardinal Wolsey, 150-183. (184-208), 209-221 and 

Innes, England under the Tudors, 105-118. 

(3) Lingard, History of England, IV. 231-264. 

B. Henry VIII continues his negotiations. 

a. Attempt to win over Francis I. 

b. Appeal to the universities. 

C. The anti-clerical and anti-papal legislation culminating in 

the Act of Supremacy. 

a. Legislation directed toward the reform of abuses. 

b. Legislation directed toward the coercion of the pope 

and the establishment of an independent National 
Church. 
2 17 



c. How this legislation served the king's purpose. 

d. Extent to which Henry favored Protestant ideas. 

D. Religious conditions in England. Extent to which this 
legislation was due to the popular will or to Henry's 
orders. 

a. Influence of the New Learning. 

b. The Church in England. 

c. Anti-papal feeling in England. Origin and extent. 

d. Did Henry VIII "pack" parliament to secure his anti- 

papal legislation? 
References : — 

(1) Pollard, Henry VIII, pp. 249-319; 375-377, and American Histor- 

ical Review, XI, 650-651. 

(2) Innes, England under the Tudors, 86-104, 119-136; Taswell- 

Langmead, English Constitutional History, (new edition), 
328-342; Pollard, Henry VIII, 302-319, 375-377; and American 
Historical Review, XI. 650-651. 

2. The completion of the break with Rome, 1533-1540. The vicar- 

generalship of Thomas Cromwell. 

A. Punishment of those who refused the oath of supremacy. 

B. Advancement of Thomas Cromwell. His character. 

C. Dissolution of the monasteries. 

a. Causes. 

b. How the suppression was carried out. 

c. The case for and against the monasteries. 

d. Results of the suppression. 

(1) Political. 

(2) Religious. 

(3) Economic and social. 

D. Evidences of a drift towards Protestantism — doctrinal 

changes of the period and other radical measures. To 
what extent was England a Protestant country in 1540? 

E. Reasons for the fall of Cromwell. 

3. The last years of Henry VIII, 1540-1547. 

A. His religious policy. The revival of the radicals at the 

close of the reign. 

B. Foreign wars. 

C. His economic blunders. Why he was so financially em- 

barrassed. 

D. His Irish and Welsh policies. 

4. Essential effects of the changes made by Henry VIII and an esti- 

mate of his character and work. (See Pollard, Henry VIII, 
pp. 324-330). 

References : 

(1) lnnes, England under the Tudors, 137-170, 175-186; and Pollard, 

Henry VIII, 324-330, 427-440. 

(2) Pollard, Henry VIII, 331-440. 

18 



Additional References : 

Dissolution of the monasteries. 

Gasquet, Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, in two 
volumes; Gasquet, The Eve of the Reformation in England. 

A Catholic estimate of Henry VIII. 

Lingard, History of England, V. 107-113. 

XII. ENGLAND UNDER THE RULE OF RELIGIOUS EX- 
TREMISTS. 

1. The Protestants control under Edward VI. 

A. Establishment of moderate Protestantism by the Lord Pro- 

tector, the Duke of Somerset. 

a. Character of Somerset. 

b. Foreign policy — invasion of Scotland, war with 

France, and results. 

c. Changes in religious doctrines and practices. 

(1) The First Prayer Book of Edward VI (1549). 

(2) Act of Uniformity. 

(3) Book of Homilies. 

d. Further confiscations of Church property. 

e. Causes of the fall of Somerset — especially economic 

difficulties. 

B. The ascendency of Dudley, Earl of Warwick. Radical 

Protestantism set up. 

a. His character and aims. 

b. Religious changes — why carried on so rapidly. 

(1) Second Act of Uniformity and the Second 

Prayer Book of Edward VI. 

(2) The Forty-two Articles. 

(3) Indiscriminate plunder of church property by 

the corrupt ring. 

c. The plot to divert the crown to Lady Jane Grey. 

2. Temporary return to Catholicism under Queen Mary. 

A. Causes of the reaction. 

B. Policies of Queen Mary. 

a. The Spanish marriage and the alliance with Spain. 

b. Repeal of anti-papal legislation. 

c. Persecutions of Protestants. Why "Bloody Mary" 
• rather than "Bloody Henry VIII"? 

C. Failure of these policies. 

References : — 

Economic difficulties of Somerset. 

A. F. Pollard, England under the Protector Somerset, 200-216; 
A. F. Pollard, Factors in Modern History, 130-155. 

XIII. ENGLAND UNDER QUEEN ELIZABETH. 

1. Problems of the period. Character and policies of Queen Eliza- 

beth. 

2. The religious settlement. 

19 



A. Religious views of various classes of the people. Spread 

of Calvinism. 

B. The queen's decision. 

a. Her motives. Why she favored episcopacy rather 

than Presbyterianism or Congregationalism. 

b. Main principles underlying Elizabeth's religious policy. 

c. Legislation carrying out the settlement. 

(1) Act of Supremacy. 

(2) Act of Uniformity. 

(3) First fruits and tenths given to the crown and 

monasteries dissolved. 

(4) Act of the Thirty-nine Articles (1571). 

C. Queen Elizabeth's policy toward Roman Catholics. 

a. General policy as shown in the Act of 1562. 

b. Later statutes against Roman Catholics. 

( 1 ) Causes and provisions of these penal laws. 

(2) Reasons for this increasing severity. Was it 

justified? The different classes of English 
Catholics. 

(3) Extent of enforcement. Effects. 

D. The queen's policy toward Protestant sectaries. 

a. Causes of the growth of the Puritan movement. Aims 

of the Puritans and the divisions among them. 

b. Elizabeth's attitude. 

(1) Parker's advertisements, 1565. 

(2) Effects. 

c. The policy of Whitgift. 

(1) The Court of High Commission and the "ex 

officio" oath. 

(2) Effects. 

d. The Statute of 1593. 

e. Results of the persecution of the Puritans. Could an 

amicable settlement have been reached? 
Foreign policy of England under Queen Elizabeth. 

A. The dangers which beset England at the accession of Eliza- 

beth. Why peace was possible, yet difficult to maintain. 

B. Queen Elizabeth's diplomacy. 

a. Her methods. 

b. Her policies toward Spain. 

c. Her policies toward the Netherlands. 

d. Her policies toward France. 

C. The career of Mary Stuart and its influence on Elizabeth's 

policies. 

a. Character of Mary Stuart. Her career previous to 

her return to Scotland as queen. 

b. The reformation in Scotland. 

(1) Causes. 

(2) Progress. 

20 



(3) What was Queen Elizabeth's policy before 
the return of Mary Stuart? 
c. Queen Mary Stuart vs. the Protestant lords and 
Queen Elizabeth. 

(1) Objects of Mary. 

(2) Attitude of the Scotch lords and people. 

(3) Elizabeth's policy toward ithem. 

(4) Events of Mary's reign -causes of her 

downfall. 

(5) Problem of the guilt or innocence of Queen 

Mary, 
d Effects of Mary Stuart's flight to England. 

(1) How the presence of Mary Stuart in Eng- 

land complicated Elizabeth's position. 

(2) Elizabeth's decision. Why so made. 

T!) The plots against the life of Elizabeth. Were 
they due solely to Mary's presence in 
England ? 
D The Spanish attack on England -the Great Armada, 
a. Causes and events leading to the attack. 

(1) Provocation of English attacks. 

(a) The Spanish colonial sysitem. 

(b) The voyages of English adventurers. 

Were they justifiable? 

(2) Influence of Counter-Reformation ideals on 

Philip II. 

(3) Revolt of the Netherlands, etc. 

(4) The changed balance of the powers of Europe 

which led up to the Spanish attack. 

(5) Other causes. . 

b Why Philip II waited so long before attacking 

c.' The attack of the Armada. Importance in the history 

of naval warfare, 
d. Reasons which account for the failure of the 

Armada, 
e Effects on England and the Netherlands. 

Elizabethan local government as a basis of American 
institutions. 
B Relations to Parliament. 
5. Economic and social problems of the reign. 

A. Causes of difficulty. 

B. Remedies applied. 

C Social life under Elizabeth. 

6 ' E, T be £::'« fr o m , h e preceding period? Why. 

B The great writers and their works. 
7. Irish policy of Queen Elizabeth and its results. 

21 



References : — 

(1) Beesly, Queen Elizabeth, pp. 6-77, 101-119, (128-145), 174-210, 

220-229, and as much more of the book as possible. 

(2) Beesly, Queen Elizabeth, (edition published by A. L. Burt & Co., 

bound in red) pp. 8-97, 120-149, (160-181), 219-265, 279-289, 
and as much more of the book as possible. 

(3) Innes, England under the Tudors, 243-288, 315-318, 323-339, 

340-368, 420-427. 

Additional References : — 

Chas. Kingsley, Westward Ho!; J. A. Froude, Spanish Story of the 
Armada; Froude, History of England; Froude, Elizabethan 
Seamen in the Sixteenth Century; R. Hakluyt, Voyages. 

XIV. THE EARLY STUARTS AND THE PURITAN REVOLU- 
TION. 

1. Character and fundamental defects of King James I. 

2. Fatal consequences of James I's first acts. 

A. Treatment of the Millenary Petition. 

a. Objects of the Puritans. Were their demands unrea- 

sonable? 

b. The Hampton Court Conference. James's decision. 

Why so made? James's ecclesiastical views. 

c. Results. Why James's policy was a serious blunder. 

B. Treatment of the English Roman Catholics. 

a. Character and numbers. 

b. Administration of the penal laws against them. Were 

these laws necessary at this time? 

c. The Gun-powder Plot; its causes and influence. 

5. Conflicts between Parliament and the early Stuart kings to 1629. 

A. The institution of parliament in 1603. 

a. Summary of previous relations between crown and 

parliament. 

(1) Why Englishmen tolerated the comparatively 

absolute monarchy of the Tudors. 

(2) Extent to which conflicts had broken out 

under Elizabeth. 

(3) Why Englishmen were not satisfied to con- 

tinue the Elizabethan form of government. 

b. Constitution of parliament in 1603. 

(1) Classes represented there. 

(2) Character of members. 

B. Causes of discord between James I and parliament. 

a. Divine right theories — to what extent based on facts. 

b. Union with Scotland. 

c. Finance. The impositions. Bate's Case. 

d. James's stupid foreign policy. 

22 



e. Antiquarian researches of the squires. 

f. Influence of Puritanism. 

C. The attempt at conciliation. Why the Great Contract failed. 

D. Further causes of quarrel between king and parliament. 

a. James rules without parliament, 1611-1621. Methods 

of government. 

b. Clash in regard to relations with Spain. 

c. Coke champions the popular cause. 

E. Further steps in the conflict between king and parliament 

a. Parliament of 1621. The Commons attack the gov- 

ernment. Objects and methods. Results. 

b. Royal policy toward Spain changes. Reasons. Effects. 

c. Character of Charles I and his influence on the 

conflict. . 

d. Parliament of 1625. 

(1) Reasons for refusing supplies for war de- 

manded fifteen months before. 

(2) Was this refusal justified? 

e. Parliament of 1626— attempts to impeach Buckingham. 

f. Course of the war against France as well as Spain. 

Criticize, the war from the point of view of policy. 
Extent of success? Why? 

g. Charles I's third parliament, March, 1628-March 1629. 

(1) Its grievances against the King. 

(2) The Petition of Right, (June 7, 1628). 

(3) The Three Resolutions of March 2, 1629. 

(a) Causes. 

(b) Events. 

(c) Effects. 

F. Summary of the fundamental issues between King and 
Parliament. 

a. Taxation, b. Foreign policy, c. Control of the 
king's ministers, d. Control of the church. 
The personal government of Charles I, 1629-1640. 
A. General policy of the king and his ministers. 

a. Toward parliament. How the king made laws. 

b. Financial policies. How Charles got money to carry 

on the government. 

c. Foreign policies. 

d. Church policies of Archbishop Laud. 

(1) Objects and methods. Criticize. Was he 

intending to turn Catholic? 

(2) Effects on the opinions of various influential 

classes of the people. 

e. Effect of these policies on emigration to America. 

B. Lord Strafford's plans to make despotism permanent in 

England. 

C. Causes that forced King Charles to summon parliament. 

23 



a. Growth of popular discontent. Punishment of 

libellers. 

b. Laud's attempt to change the Scottish church. 

c. The Bishops' Wars and their results. 
The Long Parliament and the Civil Wars. 

A. Circumstances distinguishing this parliament from previous 

parliaments. 

a. Its composition. Character of members and their 

aims. 

b. Its power over the king. Why? 

c. Conditions in London during these years. 

B. Work carried out by parliament with practical unanimity. 

a. Proceedings against Strafford. Were these justifiable? 
Legal ? 

I). Measures to secure the maintenance of the funda- 
mental principles of the constitution. 

C. The religious question breaks the unity of parliament. 

a. Origin of the break. 

b. Aims of the parties. 

D. Progress of the division of parties and the causes leading to 

the Civil War. 

a. The problem of the Irish rebellion. 

b. Charles I's trip to Scotland. 

c. The Grand Remonstrance. 

d. The attempt against the five members. 

e. Immediate cause of the outbreak of war. 

E. The First Civil War. 

a. The real issue. Significance in English History. 

b. Attitude of various sections and classes of the English 

people toward the belligerents. Who had the best 
prospects of victory? Why? 

c. The main events. The main principles of strategy 

adopted. Military equipment of the time. The 
great battles. 

d. Reasons which account for the victory of the par- 

liamentary forces. 

F. The Second Civil War. May — August 1648. 

a. Causes. 

b. Brief statement of events. 

c. Results. 

(1) Changes in parliament. 
("2) Trial and execution of King Charles I. 
(3) Establishment of the Commonwealth. 
The British Isles under the rule of Oliver Cromwell. 
A. The wars of the Commonwealth. 

a. The subjugation of Ireland and Scotland. Why 

necessary. How carried out. 

b. The First Dutch War, 1651-1654. 

24 



(1) Fundamental causes. 

(2) Influence on 'the American Colonies. 

B. Causes and events leading to the establishment of Crom- 

well as Lord Protector of England. 

C. The Protectorate. 1653-1659. 

a. Governmental methods of Cromwell. 

(1) Constitutional bases — the Instrument of 

Government (1653) and the Humble Peti- 
tion and Advice (1657). 

(2) Methods of government actually used. 

Criticize. Were they necessary? 

b. Religious policy of Cromwell. To what extent tol- 

erant? 

c. Cromwell's foreign policy. The foreign wars of the 

Protectorate. Criticize. 

D. The downfall of the Cromwellian government. 

a. Why the Protectorate could not be a permanent sys- 

tem of government in England. 

b. Events of the restoration of Charles II. 
English institutions of the early seventeenth century. 

A. The life and work of the English gentry. 

a. Extent to which the aristocracy was a closed caste. 

b. Their residences. 

c. Their social customs and education. 

d. What became of their younger sons. 

B. The aristocratic local government of seventeenth century 

England. 

a. The work of the justices of the peace. 

b. The penal laws and the police system by which they 

were enforced. 

c. The prisons and the system of judicature. 

d. Progress of England in civilization and humanity. 

C. Agriculture. The middle and lower classes in the country. 

a. Agricultural methods employed. 

b. The yeomen and the tenant-farmers. 

c. The agricultural laborers. 

d. Living conditions among these classes. 

D. The towns of seventeenth century England. The industrial 

and commercial development of the period. 

a. Industrial regulations and methods — the domestic 

system. Compare with the guild system, and with 
the factory system. 

b. Foreign commerce — the great trading companies. 

c. Protestant zeal of the sea-faring population. 

d. Municipal self-government. 

e. Size and characteristics of most towns. 

E. Intellectual and religious movements. 

a. The drama and the theatres. 

25 



b. Attitude of the Puritans toward the drama and other 

forms of literature. 

c. Extent to which rationalism had grown. The de- 

cline of the belief in miracles. 

d. The influence of Bible reading on English intellectual 

development. 

e. Views of the Puritans on questions of church gov- 

ernment and dogma. Influence on American polit- 
ical institutions. 

f. Influence of the Puritans on English life and cus- 

toms. 

(1) The need for the Puritan propaganda — the 

work of religious education. 

(2) Puritan censorship of morals. 

(3) Development of habits of self-examination 

and discipline. 

(4) Attack on the national vices of drunkenness 

and profanity. 

(5) Discouragement of the old forms of amuse- 

ment. 

(6) Sabbatarianism. 

(7) Summary of the Puritan influence on the 
ideals of the English and the American people. 

References : — 

Cross, History of England and Greater Britain, 588-592, and either 

(1) Trevelyan, England under the Stuarts, 72-248, 287-317, 326- 
330, 1-72. 

(2) Gardiner, The First Two Stuarts and the Puritan Revolution; 
and Trevelyan, 1-72. 

XV. THE LATER STUARTS AND THE REVOLUTION OF 1688. 

1» The significance of the Restoration. The enduring results of the 
Puritan Revolution. 

A. Guarantees against the recurrence of absolution. 

B. The reaction against Puritanism in religion. The Clar- 

endon Code. 

a. Supremacy of the Anglican Church in parliament. 

The causes of the Clarendon Code. 

b. The legislation called the Clarendon Code. How en- 

forced? Contrast with the enforcement of anti- 
Catholic laws under James I. 

c. Its religious and social effects. Danger to English 

intellectual development. 

C. The reaction against Puritan ideals in social life. 

D. Significance and results of the restoration in Scotland and 

Ireland. 
2. Foreign policy of the early Restoration period. 
A. The alliance with France continued. 

26 



B. The Portuguese marriage. 

C. The Second Dutch War. Why England was defeated. 

D. Growth of the American colonies. 

3. Growth of the opposition to Charles II's policies. 

A. The fall of Clarendon. 

a. Causes of the discontent which led to his dismissal. 

b. The Cabal takes his place. Character and policies of 

its members. 

B. Charles II's domestic and foreign policies and their execu- 

tion to 1678. 

a. His great aim and the methods by which he proposed 

to secure it. Attitude of the English Catholics and 
and of the English people as a whole toward 
Charles's plans. Why? 

b. Objects of Louis XIV's foreign policy. How the 

formation of the Triple Alliance in 1668 affected 
his plans. 

c. The Secret Treaty of Dover, 1670. 

(1) How and why negotiated. How concealed. 
Its terms and results. 

d. The Test Act, 1673, and its effects. 

e. The policies of Danby, chief minister, 1673-1678. 

4. Origin and growth of the two great political parties to 1685. 

A. Causes of the rise of the Whig Party. 

a. Leaders and their objects. 

b. Conditions which had prepared the way for the new 

party, especially the Popish Plot, the chief cause. 

(1) Origin and basis of the plot. To what extent 

was English Protestantism really in danger? 
Why so generally believed ? 

(2) Effects of the plot on the House of Commons 

and the country. 

B. The Whig party platform and the attempt to carry it out. 

a. Its principles. 

b. Its supporters in parliament and the country. 

Methods of organization and agitation. 

c. How the fall of Danby and the dissolution of the 

Cavalier Parliament were brought about. (Decem- 
ber 1678.) 

d. The three Whig parliaments and their work, 1679- 

1681. 

(1) Why the Whigs won the elections. 

(2) The Whig program. Why they did not use 

their victory fully. 

(3) Criticize the policy of the Whig leaders dur- 

ing their predominance. 

(4) Events of the three parliaments and their 

lasting work. 

e. How the Whig supremacy was broken. 

27 



C. Origin and growth of the Tory Party. 

a. Its leaders and principles. 

b. The Tory victory of 1681 and its results. 

c. How the Tories used their victory. How this victory 

endangered popular liberty in England and 
America. Compare with the early history of party 
government in other countries. 
5. James II and the Revolution of 1688. 

A. Position of James II at the beginning of his reign. 

a. Extent of his power and its bases. 

b. Suppression of revolts against bim. 

B. How James II lost these advantages. The causes of the 

Revolution of 1688. 

C. Importance of the struggle for the English throne in inter- 

national politics of the time. The combination of favor- 
able events which enabled William of Orange to come to 
England. 

D. The Revolution of 1688. 

a. Events of the revolution. 

b. Constitutional results of the revolution. Guarantees 

of its permanence. 

(1) Bill of Rights. 

(2) Mutiny Act. 

(3) Parliamentary control of the revenue. 

c. Religious results. 

(1) Toleration Act. 

(2) Attitude of the High Church Party. 

(3) Triumph of the Low Churchmen. 

d. Effects of the revolution on political parties. 

Reference : — ■ 

Trevelyan, England under the Stuarts, 331-452. 

XVI. THE PERIOD OF ACTIVE PARTY STRIFE AND FOREIGN 
WAR, 1689-1713. 

1. The British Isles under William and Mary. 

A. The revolution effected in Ireland and Scotland. 

a. Causes of war in Ireland. 

b. Events of the war. 

c. Results to Ireland. The later laws against Ireland. 

d. The revolution in Scotland. 

B. The War of the League of Augsburg. 

a. Causes of the war. Why England took part. 

b. Attitude of the political parties toward the war. Why? 

c. Economic plans and innovations of the Whigs. Im- 

portance of these on the outcome of the war. 

d. Events of the war and its outcome. 

C. The Tory reaction after the close of the war. 

a. Causes. 

28 



b. Policies of the victorious Tories. 

c. The Act of Settlement, 1701. Provisions of con- 

stitutional importance, especially concerning the 
appointment of judges. 

d. Evidences of the development of the cabinet system 

of government up to 1701. When did the English 
king lose control over the executive department of 
government? The legislative department? The 
judicial department? 
2. Queen Anne and the War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1713. 

A. General causes of the European War. Blunders of Louis 

which enabled William to build up the Grand Alliance 
against France. 

B. Events of the war. 

a. The situation at the opening of the war. The assets 

of Louis and the allies. 

b. Main events of the war. Marlborough's strategy and 

the battle of Blenheim. Why this was the turning 
point of the war. 

C. Party strife in England during the war. 

a. The composition and aims of the two greait political 

parties in Queen Anne's reign. 

b. Character of Queen Anne and her importance in the 

party struggles. 

c. Return of the Whigs to power. 

(1) Godolphin, Marlborough, and the Tory min- 

istry. 

(2) The transition ministry. 1705-1708. What led 

to the gradual elimination of Tories from 
the ministry. Importance of this in the 
evolution of the cabinet system. 

(3) The Whig ministry, 1708-1710. Its policies, 

its blunders, and the causes which led to 
its fall. 

f. The Tory ministry, 1710-1713, and the Treaty of 

Utrecht. 

(1) Leaders of the Tories and their policies. 

The Occasional Conformity Act and the 
Schism Act. 

(2) Provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht and the 

results of the war. Could England have 
done better? 

g. The succession question saves the Whigs. Other 

reasons for their victory in 1714 and the break-up 
of the Tory Party. 
D. The parliamentary union of England and Scotland, 1707. 

a. Causes. The Act of Security. 

b. Negotiations for the union. 

29 



c. Terms of the union. Why so favorable rto Scotland? 
How the British flag was made. Compare with 
treatment of Ireland about the same time. 
E. Economic, social, and intellectual conditions in the later 
Stuant period. 

a. Growth of British commerce and manufactures. 

b. Social conditions. 

(1) The poor law. 

(2) Growth of towns. 

(3) Travel, dress, etc. 

(4) Places of amusement. The coffee-houses. 

c. Education and intellectual progress. 

d. Architecture and art. 

e. Literature. 

References : — 

Cross, History of England and Greater Britain, 592-612, and 
Trevelyan, England under the Stuarts, 446-517. 

XVII. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND. 

1. The Walpole regime. 

A. Causes which made Walpole premier. 

a. Developments in the law and custom of the. constitu- 

tion. 

(1) King George I and the Whigs. 

(2) Growth of the cabinet system. How this 

solved the problem of parliamentary con- 
trol of the executive which had been so 
difficult in the past. Compare with events 
in the reigns of Edward II and III, 
Richard II, and later kings. 

(3) Changed balance between Lords and Com- 

mons. 

(4) Why England was thus made an aristocracy 

rather than a democracy. 

(5) Repeal of the Triennial Act, 1716. 

b. The Whig schism of 1717 and the Stanhope ministry. 

(1) Causes. (2) The Peerage Bill of 1719. Its 
provisions. Why introduced and why de- 
feated. 

c. The South Sea Bubble. 

(1) Causes. 

(2) Events. 

(3) Results. 

B. The ministry of Sir Robert W T alpole, 1721-1742. 

a. Why there had been no premier before. 

b. Walpole's policies. 

(1) Methods of government. 

(2) Treatment of domestic problems. 

30 



(3) Foreign policy. 

(4) Reasons for their success. 

c. Criticisms of Walpole and his policies. 

d. Causes which led to his fall. 

England and the War of. the Austrian Succession, 1742-1748. 

A. Causes from the European and English points of view. 

B. English part in the war in Europe, in the colonies, and on 

the seas. 

C. The Jacobite Revolts of 1715 and 1745. 

D. Results of the war. 

The Pitt-Newcastle ministry and the Seven Years' War. 

A. William Pitt, the greatest statesman of eighteenth century 

England. 

a. Character. 

b. How he was able to become real ruler of England. 

B. Causes of the Seven Years' War from the European and 

British points of view. 

C. The strategy of the war. 

a. The three theatres of war and the aims of Britain 

in each. 

b. Failure of the British in the early years of the war. 

c. The great victories won under Pitt's leadership and 

the reasons for them. 

D. The terms of peace. The Treaty of Paris, 1763. 

a. How and why Pitt was driven from office before the 

war was over. 

b. The terms of the final treaty. 

c. Could England have gained more? Why? 

E. Results of the war. 

The revolt of the American colonies. 

A. Causes. 

a. English politics at home. 

b. Policies of the government toward the colonies. 

B. Chatham's attitude toward the colonies. 

C. Difficulties of the British government. 

a. The war becomes an international conflict. 

(1) Reasons for this and its importance on the 

outcome for the war from the American 
point of view. 

(2) The various theatres of war. 

b. Strength of the Whig opposition to George Ill's 

policies. 

c. Disorder and mob violence at home — the Gordon 

Riots. 

d. The revolt of Ireland. 

(1) Causes. 

(2) The Declaration of Legislative Independence. 

(3) The outcome. 

D. The Treaty of Versailles, 1783, and the results of the war. 

31 



The ministry of William Pitt (the Younger) and the Wars of the 
French Revolution, 1783-1801. 

A. Conditions which enabled Pitt to become prime minister. 

Constitutional significance of his appointment and con- 
tinuance in office. 

B. Character and policies of the Younger Pitt. 

a. His personality and ability. 

b. Methods of government. 

c. Economic policies. 

d. His colonial policies — the India Bill and the trial of 

Warren Hastings. 

e. His foreign policy. 

C. The Wars of the French Revolution. 

a. Events of the opening years of the Revolution. 

b. English opinion of the Revolution. How and why it 

changed with the progress of the movement. 

c. The part played by England in the wars against the 

revolutionary governments of France. 

(1) Causes of war. 

(2) The main events. 

d. The Treaty of Amiens, 1802. 

(1) Terms. 

(2) Importance. 

D. The Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 

a. Causes. 
- b. Provisions of the Act of Union. 

c. How it was carried through. 

d. Effects of the Union. Would they have been the 

same had Pitt's plans been carried out? 

E. Why Pitt resigned office in 1801. 

Great Britain and the Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815. 

A. Why the struggle between Great Britain and Napoleon 

was inevitable and permanent. Compare with the present 
war (1918). 

B. The methods of warfare. 

a. Napoleon's plans against England. 

(1) His first plan — why impossible to execute. 

(2) The Continental Blockade. Objects, methods, 

and effects. 

b. British methods against Napoleon. To what extent 

effective. 

c. Compare and contrast the strategy and methods of 

warfare employed in the Napoleonic Wars with 
those of the present war (1918). 

C. Great Britain's part in the downfall of Napoleon in 1814 

and 1815. 

a. The campaigns in Spain. 

b. The Battle of Waterloo. 

D. Results of the Napoleonic Wars to Great Britain. 

32 



8. Social, economic, and religious changes of the eighteenth century. 

A. The industrial revolution. 

a. The six great English inventions and discoveries 

which brought it about. 

b. Improvements in transportation in the latter half of 

the eighteenth century. 

c. Social and economic results of the industrial revo- 

lution. 

B. The agrarian revolution. 

a. Causes and events. 

b. Results of these changes and of the Corn Laws and 

the Enclosure Acts. 

C. Great religious movements. 

a. The rise of Methodism. 

(1) Causes. Personality and career of Wesley. 

(2) How the preaching and teaching of Wesley 

and Whitefield differed from others. 

(3) Why the Methodists separated from the Es- 

tablished Church. 

(4) Results of the movement. 

b. The Evangelical movement. 

(1) Compare and contrast with Methodism. 

(2) Results. 

D. Character of social life. The growth of humanitarianism 

and philanthropy. 

E. Developments in art and literature. 

References : — 

Cross, History of England and Greater Britain, 696-865, especially 
783-806; and Tickner, Social and Industrial History of England, 
466-548. 

Additional References : — 

Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century; Robertson, England under 
the Hanoverians; Frederick Harrison, William Pitt, Earl of 
Chatham. 

XVIII. BRITAIN UNDER THE RULE OF THE OLD ARIS- 
TOCRACY, 1815-1830. 

A. Apparent prosperity and liberality of England in 1815. 

Reasons for this. 

a. The effects of the industrial revolution. 

b. Advantages derived from the Revolutionary and Na- 

poleonic Wars. 
• c. Renown of Parliament. 

B. The real situation — England still a land of the ''Old 

Regime". Genuine grievances of the common people. 

3 33 



a. Political grievances. 

(1) Power and influence of the nobility. 

(2) Inadequacy of the representative system. 

b. Religious grievances. 

(1) Lack of religious equality. 

(2) Worldliness of the Established Church. Its 

predominance. 

(3) Ecclesiastical neglect of the people's welfare. 

c. Economic and social grievances. 

(1) Misery due to the industrial revolution. 

(2) The Corn Laws. 

(3) Lack of means of education for the common 

people. 

(4) Legal obstacles in the way of progress for the 

common people. 

(5) Special causes of discontent in 1815 and the 

following years. 

d. Efforts to reform these conditions before 1815. Lead- 

ers of the movement. Why ineffectual? 

C. Popular disturbances resulting from the extraordinary 

popular misery of the years 1815-1820. The policy of 
the aristocratic government in dealing with them. How 
will like problems be dealt with in democratic countries 
at the close of the present war (1918)? 

D. The beginnings of reform made by the new Tories. Poli- 

cies of Canning, Peel, and Huskisson. 

a. Canning's new foreign policy. Importance of this 

in connection with the "Monroe Doctrine". 

b. Economic and social reforms. 

(1) Reform of the penal code. (2) Repeal of the 
laws against labor unions. (3) Reduction 
of import duties. 

c. Abolition of religious disabilities against Dissenters 

and Catholics. 

d. Refusal of the Tories to take up the question of 

parliamentary reform. 

E. England on the eve of the Great Reform Bill. 

a. Economic prosperity. Progress of the industrial revo- 

lution. 

b. Scientific progress of the age. 

c. Philosophical and economic thinkers. 

d. Literature and art. 

(1) The Romantic Movement. (2) Novelists and 
essayists. (3) Beginnings of periodical 
literature. 

e. Growth of humanitarianism. 

References : — 

Cross, History of England and Greater Britain, 867-914, and Hazen, 
Europe since 1815, 406-430. 

34 



XIX. REFORMS THAT HAVE MADE BRITAIN DEMOCRATIC, 
1830-1918. 

1. Political reforms. 

A. The reform of parliament. 

a. The Reform Bill of 1832. 

(1) The struggle for its passage. 

(2) Its substance and effects. 

b. The Chartist agitation. 

(1) Aims. 

(2) Extent of success. 

(3) Its significance and importance. 

c. The Parliamentary Reform Act of 1867. 

(1) Causes leading to its passage. Disraeli's 

motives. 

(2) Provisions and effects. 

d. Parliamentary Reform Acts of 1884 and 1885. 

(1) Changes in suffrage qualifications. 

(2) Redistribution of seats. 

(3) Incompleteness of the reform. Compare 

with electoral laws in the United States. 

e. Electoral Reform Act of 1918. Compare and contrast 

with similar laws in the United States. 

f. The Parliament Act of 1911. The limitation of the 

powers of the House of Lords. 

(1) Why the Liberals insisted on it. Reform 

proposals vetoed by the Lords since 1906. 

(2) Provisions of the bill. Arguments for and 

against it. 

(3) How it was forced through the House of 

Lords. 

(4) Effects. 

B. The reform of local government. 

a. The Municipal Corporations Reform Act, 1835. 

(1) The need for reform. 

(2) Terms of the law. 

(3) Character of British municipal government 

in recent years. 

b. The County Councils Act, 1888. 

c. The Parish Councils Act, 1894. 

d. The modern British system of local government. 

(1) Central supervision. 

(2) Administrative counties. 

(3) County boroughs. 

C. The modern cabinet system of government. Its efficiency 

and responsibility to the people's representatives. Small 
War Cabinet introduced (1916). 

35 



D. Lesser political reforms. 

a. Civil Service Reform, 1870. 

b. The Ballot Act, 1872. 
Economic and social reforms. 

A. Legislation regulating hours and conditions of labor and 

wages. 

a. Previous attitude of ithe governing classes toward 

labor problems. 

b. The need for regulation. Evidences of oppression 

of laborers. 

c. The Factory Act of 1833. 

d. Later Factory Acts of 1842, 1844, 1847, 1850, and fob- 

lowing years. 

e. Minimum Wage Law for coal miners, 1912. 

B. Rise and spread of the trade unions in the British Isles. 

a. Beginnings in England. 

b. Methods of organization. Objects. 

c. Recent political 'tendencies of the English trade 

unions. 

C. Repeal of the Corn Laws and establishment of Free Trade. 

a. Abuses of the Corn Laws. Reasons why there was 

general demand for their abolition. 

b. Immediate causes of the repeal (1846). 

c. Removal of the remaining protective duties (1849- 

1866 ) . 

d. Failure of recent attempts >to set up the protective 

tariff system again, 1903-1906. Reasons for the 
attempts. Why they failed. 

D. Early reforms intended to better the condition of the poof. 

a. The Poor Law of 1834. 

b. Introduction of cheap postage. 

c. Establishment of Postal Savings Banks, 1861. 

d. Post Office Insurance policies issued, 1864. 

E. Educational reforms. 

a. The Education Act, 1870. 

(1) Why badly needed. 

(2) Provisions of the bill. Settlement of the 

problem of religious instruction. 

(3) Criticisms of the law. 

b. The Education Aot of 1902. 

(1) Provisions. 

(2) Was it a true reform? 

(3) Effects. 

F. Recent reforms to help the poor. 

a. Workmen's Compensation Act, 1906. 

b. Trade Disputes Act, 1906. 

c. Education (Provision of Meals), Act, 1906. 

d. The Small Holdings Act, 1907. 

e. Old Age Pensions Act, 1908. 

36 



(1) Need for it. 

(2) Provisions of the law. 

(3) Arguments for and agains-t it. 

(4) Effects. 

f. Labor . Exchanges Act, and the Trade Boards Act, 

1909. 

g. The Lloyd-George Budget — the Finance Act, 1909- 

1910. 

(1) Main provisions of Lloyd-George's plan. 

(2) Reasons for making these -fundamental 

changes in the taxation system of Great 
Britain. 

(3) Arguments against it. Its rejection by the 

House of Lords. 

(4) How the Budget was carried through parlia- 

ment. 
h. The National Insurance Act, 1911. 

(1) Insurance against illness and disability. 

(2) Insurance against unemployment in certain 

trades, 
i. Lloyd George's program of land reform, 1913-1914. 
G. Economic and social problems produced by the great war 
and how they are being dealt with. 

3. Religious reforms. 

A. Establishment of religious equality. 

B. The Disestablishment of the Church in Wales, 1912-1914. 

a. Reasons for the bill. Its provisions. 

b. Arguments against it. Its effects. 

4. Reforms in Ireland. 

A. Grievances of the Irish people against England and the 

English. 

a. Political grievances. 

b. Religious grievances. 

c. Economic and social grievances, especially the land 

system. 

d. What had been done up to 18:10 to remedy these? 

B. The Irish Church Act of 1869 and its effects. 

C. Reform of the land system. 

a. The first Irish Land Act, .1870. 

(1) Provisions of the bill. Arguments against it 

and in its favor. 

(2) Effects. Why disappointing. 

b. The Irish Land Act of 1881 and its effects. 

c. The Irish Land Purchase Acts of 1891 and 1903. 

Effects on Irish sentiment. 

D. Attempts to remedy the political grievances of the Irish 

without granting independence. The problem of Home 

Rule for Ireland. 

a. Origin and growth of the Home Rule movement. 

37 



b. Gladstone's first Home Rule Bill, 1886. 

(1) Why he adopted this policy. 

(2) Provisions of his Home Rule Bill and the 

accompanying Land Purchase Bill. Prob- 
able effects had the bills become law. 

(3) The main arguments for and against the bills. 

(4) Defeat of the bills and the breakup of the 

Liberal Party. 

c. Gladstone's second Home Rule Bill, 1892-3. 

(1) Provisions. (2) Criticisms of the bill. (3) 
Its fate. 

d. The Irish Local Government Act, 1898. 

e. The Home Rule Bill of 1912-1914. 

(1) Why forced on the attention of the Liberal 

Cabinet, 1912. 

(2) Conditions in Ireland. Was the need for 

Home Rule as great in 1912 as it was in 
1886? Evidences of progress in Ireland 
since 1886. 

(3) Main provisions of the Home Rule Bill in 

1912. 

(4) Attitude of the Ulster Unionists. How this 

affected the international situation in 1914. 

(5) Final passage of the bill in 1914. Postpone- 

ment of the date of coming into effect. 

(6) The Irish insurrection of April, 1916. Effects. 

(7) Prospects of settlement of the Home Rule 

Question, 1918. 
5. British political parties since 1830. 

A. New policies of the old parties after 1832. 

B. Changes in the parties after 1867. Rivalry of Gladstone 

and Disraeli. The principles for which each stood. What 
each accomplished. 

C. Disruption of the Liberal Party. Secession of the Liberal 

Unionists under Joseph Chamberlain. His plans with 
regard to the tariff. Effects on the Unionist Party. 

D. Rise of the Labor Party. Its principles. 

E. Revival of the Liberal Party, 1905-1915. 

a. Causes. 

b. Liberal achievements. 1906-1914. 
References : — 

Cross, History of England and Greater Britain, 905-1089 ; Tickner, 
Social and Industrial History of England, 549-684; Hazen, 
Europe Since 181$, 428-517 ; Hayes, Political and Social History 
of Modern Europe, II, 102-116, 277-326. 
Additional References : — 
Detailed works. 

Morley, Life of Gladstone; Monypenny, Life of Benjamin 
Disraeli, Earl of Bcaconsfield; Lee, Queen Victoria. 
38 



Special Topics : — 

Social Reform and Labor Legislation of the Liberals, 1905-1913. 
Hayes, British Social Politics, 20-130, 185-262 (make selections) ; 
Orth, Socialism and Democracy in Europe, 231-249; Contem- 
porary Review, vol. 101; 380-390; and Fortnightly Review, vol. 
91, 264-276; 895-911. 

The Small Holdings Act. 

Alden, Democratic England, 238-263 ; Contemporary Review, 
vol. 100; 832-843,; (The causes of rural depopulation.) Nine- 
teenth Century and After, vol. 71; 174-190; Nineteenth Cen- 
tury and After, vol. 73 ; 156ff. ; Edinburgh Review, vol. 223 ; 
337-355. 
The Old Age Pensions Act. 

American Political Science Review, Feb. 1909; 68-73; Hayes, 
British Social Politics, 130-184, especially 157 159, 140-143, 149- 
151, and 167-175. 
The Lloyd-George Budget. 

Hayes, British Social Politics, 344-420, especially, 347-380, 406-420; 
Edinburgh Review, vol. 210; 498-518, 255-272; Quarterly Review, 
vol. 211; 206r233, 296J278, 617-638; vol. 212; 281-308; The 
Britanuira Year Book, 1913, pp. 534-536; Outlook, vol. 92; 149 ff. ; 
and also Nation, Outlook, Review of Reviews, 1909-1910 (See 
index under Lloyd-George.) 

The Parliament Act of 1911. 

Hayes, British Social Politics, 421-505; North American Review, vol. 
191; 87-95; The Britannica Year Book, 1913, pp. 483-498; Nine- 
teenth Century and After, vol. 67; 765-797; Atlantic Monthly, 
vol. 98 ; 790-796, vol. 105, 128 ff . 

The National Insurance Act. 

Hayes, British Social Politics, 506-572; North American Review, vol. 
195, 108-119; American Political Science Review, vol. VI, 228-234; 
The Britannica Year Book, 1913, pp. 498-501; Fortnightly Review, 
vol. 92; 304-320; vol. 93, 465-477; Contemporary Review, vol. 102; 
153-164; vol. 101, 17-29. 

Improved Conditions in Ireland in Recent Years. 

Dubois; Contemporary Ireland, 1-217, especially 151-217; Sidney 
Brooks; Aspects of the Irish Question (J. VV. Luce, Boston); 
Brooks, Sir Horace Plunk et and His Work, in Fortnightly Re- 
view, vol. 91, 1011-1021 ; Crammond, Ireland's Economic De- 
velopment, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 71, 849-852; Brooks, Sid- 
ney; The New Ireland — a series of articles in North American 
Review, vol. 187; 399-416, 559-568, 712-723, 916-924; vol. 188; 
101-111, 262-272, 440-450, 761-770; vol. 189; 115-126, 416-427; vol. 
190; 524-534; vol. 191; 259-272. 

Home Rule for Ireland. The Bill of 1912. 

The Britannica Year Book, 1913, pp. 505-520; The International Year 
Books for 1913-1915; Contemporary Review, vol. 101; 618-624, 

39 



777-787; vol. 102; 777-789; North American Review, vol. 195; 
788-802; American Review of Reviews, March, 1912, 305-314, 
and later issues; Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 73; 199-244, 
338-354; Fortnightly Review, vol. 91; 380-395, 1022-1036; Edin- 
burgh Review, vol/216; 216-234. 

The Crisis of 1914. The Threatened Rebellion of Ulster. 

Quarterly Review, vol. 220; 266-290, 570-590; Sidney Brooks; The 
Problem of Ulster in North American Review, vol. 108; 617-620; 
Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 76; 1-12; Edinburgh Review, 
vol. 219; 481-502; American Review of Reviews, Jan. -July, 1914, 
and current numbers of such other magazines as The Outlook, 
The Literary Digest, The Independent, etc. 

The Irish Insurrection of April, 1016. 

Edinburgh Review, vol. 224; 114-136; Quarterly Review, vol. 226; 
244-265; Fortnightly Review, vol. 99; 989-996; The Outlook, 
The Independent, The Literary Digest, The Review of Reviews, 
New York Times, Current History, etc., April-June, 1916. 

Disestablishment of the Church in Wales. 

The Britannica Year Book, 1913, pp. 504-505; Contemporary Review, 
vol. 101 ; 177-197; Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 71; 868- 
880, 1098-1106; vol. 73, 245-257. 

The Electoral Reform Law of 1918. 

J. A. R. Marriott, The New Electorate and the New Legislature, in 
Fortnightly Review, vol. 103 (March, 1918), pp. 331-343, and 
Living Age, vol. 10, pp . 321-330. 

XX. THE BRITISH COLONIAL EMPIRE. 

1. Self-governing Colonies. 

A. Canada. 

a. Government, 1774-1837. 

b. Lord Durham's Report, 1839. Local autonomy granted 

to Canada and the other white colonies. 

c. Establishment of the Dominion of Canada, 1867, and 

the expansion of Canada to the Pacific and the 
Arctic Oceans. Its form of government. 

B. Australia. 

a. Settlement of the six colonies. 

b. Formation of the Australian Commonwealth. Its 

system of government. 

c. Special problems of the Australian people. Their 

social legislation. 

C. The Dominion of New Zealand. 

a. Problem of the natives. 

b. Advanced social legislation. 

D. South Africa. 

a. How Africa was opened up. The work of Cecil 
Rhodes. 

40 



b. Causes of rivalry and hatred between the British 

and the Boers up to 1884. 

c. Reasons for the South African War, 1899-1902. 

d. Terms of the treaty of peace. Self-government 

granted. The South African Federation. Results. 
E. The movement for imperial federation. 

a. The problem of government. 

b. The plans for an economic union. 

c. Plans for imperial defense. 

d. Colonial conferences. 

2. The Crown Colonies. 

A. Differences between the crown colonies and the self- 

governing ones. Various kinds of government. 

B. The African Colonies. 

a. Egypt. How it was won. System of government. 

Demand for self-government. 

b. Other African territories. British East Africa, British 

West Africa, the Sudan, etc. 

C. Ceylon and the East Indian Colonies. 

D. West India Islands and Guiana. 

E. Polynesian possessions. 

F. Territories formerly belonging to China. 

G. The British sphere of influence in Persia. 

3. The Indian Empire. 

A. Geographical divisions. Size. Population. 

B. How the empire was won by the British. 

C. Its government. 

a. Government by the Company up to 1858. 

b. The Great Mutiny, 1857, and its effects. 

c. The system of government since 1858. ' The India 

Councils Act of 1909. 

D. Advantages of India to Great Britain and of British 

rule to the people of India. 

4. Advantages and disadvantages of the British Empire as a whole 

to the mass of the British people. Does it pay? Compare the 
way in which Britain has become a great colonial power with 
the way in which Germany would like to get a great empire. 
If Britain has acquired her empire legitimately and if she 
rules it in the interests of justice and humanity, may she not 
rightly hold it? Give evidence on this question. 

References : — 

Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe, II, 600.-675; 

Hazen, Europe since 1815, 681-705, 550-563, 518-549. 
H. H. Johnston, The Opening Up of Africa, in the Home University 

Library is a good brief account of this subject. 



-11 



XXI. FOREIGN POLICIES OF GREAT BRITAIN SINCE THE 
NAPOLEONIC WARS. CAUSES OF THE EUROPEAN WAR. 

1. British attitude toward the Continental states just after the fall 

of Napoleon. The Quadruple Alliance. 

2. Canning checks the extension of the Metternich System to the 

New World. The Monroe Doctrine. 

3. British policies during the Austro-Sardinian War, 1859, and 

toward the unification movements in Italy and Germany, 
1859-1871. Reasons. Criticisms. 

4. British policies in regard to the Near East. 

A. The Crimean War, 1854-1856. 

a. Causes. Motives of Great Britain. 

b. Events and results of the war. 

B. The Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878, and the Congress of 

Berlin, 1878. 

a. Motives of Britain. 

b. Disraeli at the Congress of Berlin. 

c. Criticisms of British policies of that time. 

C. Changes in British policies toward Near Eastern problems 

at the close of the nineteenth century. 

5. Relations to Continental European states during the later decades 

of the nineteenth century. 

A. A policy of "splendid isolation" the characteristic British 

policy, influenced by bitter colonial rivalries with France 
and Russia. The Continental alliances into which Europe 
was divided. The Triple Alliance. The Dual Alliance. 

B. Causes of friction with Germany that led to a complete 

change in British foreign relations. 

C. Formation of the Ententes. 

a. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902. Terms and 

motives. 

b. The Franco-British Entente Cordiale, 1904. 

c. The Russo-British Entente. The treaty of 1907 de- 

limiting spheres of influence in Persia. Effects of 
the Triple Entente thus formed. 

d. Participation of Italy and Spain in the Ententes. 

e. The Russo-Japanese Treaty of 1910. 

f. Results of these Ententes. Attitude of the United 

States. Why Germany was not taken into this 
combination. Importance of this decision. 

6. Efforts of Germany to break this combination and strengthen her 

position, and the resulting international crises. 
A. The crises concerning Morocco. 

a. First Moroccan crisis, 1905-1906. 

(1) William II at Tangier. 

(2) Resignation of Delcasse. 

(3) The Algeciras Congress and the outcome. 

42 



b. Second Moroccan crisis ; the affair of Casablanca, 

» 1908. 

c. The third Moroccan crisis, 1911. 

(1) Causes. 

(2) The German Warship Panther at Adagir. 

Objects of Germany. 

(3) Attitude of Great Britain and its effects on 

the financial situation in Germany. 

(4) The Franco-German Convention of 1911. 

B. Crises concerning the Near East. 

a. The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Aus- 

tria-Hungary, 1908. 

(1) Effects on Serbia. 

(2) Germany forces the submission of Russia 

and Serbia. 

(3) Attitude of France and Great Britain. 

(4) Effects on German plans for the future. 

b. Second Near Eastern Crisis : — The Italian War for 

• Tripoli. How it disturbed the international situa- 
tion. 

c. The Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and their results. De- 

termination of Austria-Hungary to humble Serbia 
at the first opportunity. Evidence. 

C. Effects of these frequently recurring crises. How they 

prepared for the Great War. 
Immediate causes of the outbreak of the Great War. 

A. Assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, June 

28, 1914. 

a. Who was responsible for the crime? 

b. Why it aroused such exceptional indignation in 

Austria and Germany. 

B. Peremptory ultimatum of Austria-Hungary to Serbia, July 

23. 1914." 

a. Its demands. 

b. The Serbian reply. Was it adequate? 

c. Why this was likely to bring on war. 

d. What the various diplomats did to prevent war. 

e. The German attitude toward the problem and why it 

was adopted. 

C. Austrian declaration of war on Serbia, July 28, 1914, and 

its results. 

D. The German trick by which general mobilization of the 

Russian army (July 31, 1915) was brought about. This 
is answered by a German ultimatum, followed by decla- 
ration of war against Russia, August 1„ 1914. Was the 
war inevitable before this declaration? Reasons. 

E. Germany demands, August 1, 1914, that France state what 

policy will be adopted. After giving a non-committal 

43 



answer. France orders general mobilization, August 1, 
1914'. 

F. Attitude adopted by Great Britain and Italy, and their 

reasons. 

G. The beginning of the war. German invasion of Luxem- 

burg (August 2), Belgium (August 3). and France 
(August "2, 1914). German declaration of war on France, 
August 3. 1914. 

8. Great Britain enters the war. 

A. Reasons why Great Britain might have been expected to 

remain neutral. 

B. Refusal of Great Britain to take sides during the days just 

In- fore the war broke out. Motives. 

C. Reasons which might lead Great Britain to enter the war. 

German proposals for British neutrality in the war and 
the British answer. 

D. The question of the neutrality of Belgium. 

a. Treaties and agreements for the maintenance of 

Belgian neutrality in the past. 

b. Britain's reasons for insisting so strongly on the 

maintenance of Belgian neutrality. 

c. Britain demands of France and Germany an under- 

taking not to violate Belgian neutrality in the war 
about to begin. The answers of those powers 

d. Germany demands a free passage through Belgium. 

Terms and reasons alleged for the demand. The 
real reasons. 

e. German invasion of Belgium leads Britain to declare 

war on Germany, August 4, 1914. 
S. The Responsibility for the War. 

A. Extent to which Serbia was blameworthy. 

B. Austrian and German responsibility. 

C. Was Russia to blame? 

D. How could Britain and France have prevented the war? 

E. Which powers were best prepared for war in August, 1914? 

Which powers were less adequately prepared to fight at 
that time? Had the outbreak of war been avoided in 
August, 1914, is it at all probable that the underlying 
causes would have been eliminated within the next year 
or two? Which power made the greatest efforts to 
secure a peaceful settlement or at least delay to enable 
some peaceful decision to be arrived at? Which power 
or powers impetuously brooked no delay? 

References : — 

Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe, II, u'87-719; 
Bullard, The Diplomacy of the Great War, 1-160; Seymour, 
Diplomatic Background of the War. 

44 






German World Policy and Ambitions. 

Notestein and Stoll, Conquest and Kultur. Aims of the Germans 
in Their Own Words. (Issued by the Committee on Public 
Information, Washington, D. C. ) ; Dawson, Illicit is Wrong 
With Germany, 131-191 ; Seymour. Diplomatic Background 
of the War, 61-88 ; Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 21-57 ; Fife, 
The Herman Empire Between Two Wars, 72-97; Von Billow, 
Imperial Germany, 1-123; Bordon, The German Enigma; 
Cramb, Germany and England, 1-152; Schmitt, Germany and 
England, 70-8H. 96-115; Usher, Pan-Germanism, 19-173, 230- 
250. 

Changed Spirit of Modern Germany. The Philosophical Basis of 

Imperialism. 

Dawson. Evolution of Modern Germany, pp. 1-16 and chapters 17- 
20; Seymour, Diplomatic Background of the War, 89-115; 
Dawson. What Is Wrong With Germany, 1-69; Von Bern- 
hardt Germany and the Next War, 1-166, 283-288; < iooch, 
German Theories of the State, in Contemporary Review, vol. 
107, 743-753; B. E. Schmitt, England and Germany, 70-95, 
154-172; Usher, Pan-Germanism, 1-18; Cramb. Germany and 
England, 1-108; Baker, Nietzsche and Treitschke — The 
Worship of Power in Modern Germany (Oxford Pam- 
phlets, No. 20 ) : Vernon Kellogg, Headquarters Nights, in 
Atlantic Monthly, vol. 120; 145-154, and At Von Bissing's 
Headquarters, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 120; 433-444. 

The German Bagdad Railway Plans. 

Schmitt, England and Germany. 253-279, 297-301 ; Gibbons, New 
Map of Europe, 58-70; Johnston, African and Eastern Rail- 
way Schemes, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 72, 558-569; 
O'Connor. The Bagdad Railway, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 
95, 201-210; Marriott, Factors in the Problem of the Near 
East, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 99, 943-953; Hossain, 
Turkey and German Capitalists, in Contemporary Review, 
vol. 107, 487-494 ; Chirol, Turkey in the Grip of Germany, 
in Quarterly Review, vol. 222. 231-251. 

Reasons for the Cooling of Anglo-German Friendship. 

Bullard, The Diplomacy of the Great War, 54-68, 24-35; Gibbons, 
New Map of Europe. 21-57; Brooks, England and Germany, 
in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 105, 016-627; Barker, Modern Ger- 
many, 115-173, 241-200; Schmitt, England and Germany, 
139-218; Fife, The German Empire Between Two Wars, 
50-97; Usher, Pan-Germanism, 1-47, 116-127; H. H. John- 
ston, Britain and Germany; German Views of an Anglo- 
German Understanding, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 68, 978- 
987; O. Eltzbacher, The Anti-British Movement in Germany, 
in Nineteenth Century, vol. 52, 190-200 (August, 1902) ; 
Baron Marschall and the Anglo-German Differences, in Fort- 

45 



nightly Review, vol. 91, 995-1010; Mead, England and Ger- 
many, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 101, 397-407. 
Large Army Increases of Recent Years and the Reasons for Them. 
Dillon, Cost of the Armed Peace, in Contemporary Review, vol. 
105, 413-421; Brooks, Changing Armaments of Europe, in 
North American Reviezv, vol. 197, 604-614; Barker, The 
Armament Race, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 93, 654-668; 
Barker, Changing of the Balance of Power, in Nineteenth 
Century, vol. 73, 1193-1211; Mallock, The War Strength of 
Germany, Great Britain, and France, in Fortnightly Review, 
vol. 97, 631-643; Huidekoper, The Armies of Europe, in 
World's Work, September, 1914, 22-49 ; Schmitt, England 
and Germany, 51-69; C. Altschul, German Militarism and 
Its German Critics (Published by the Committee on Public 
Information, Washington, D. C.) 

The Naval Rivalry between Germany and Great Britain. 
The German Point of View. 

Delbriick, Why Does Germany Build Warships? in Con- 
temporary Review, vol. 96, 401-410 ; Roberts, Monarchical 
Socialism in Germany, 153-167. 
The British Imperialist Point of View. 

Colquhoun, The New Balance of Power in Europe, in North 
American Review, vol. 191; 18-28; Hurd & Castle, 
German Sea Power, 108-286 ; Are Navy Estimates of 
£50,000,000 Justified? in Fortnightly Review, vol. 94, 1057- 
1073; Hurd, The Dominions and the Command of the 
Sea, in Fortnightly Rezreiew, vol. 96, 242-254 ; Barker, 
Modern Germany, 241-269, 324-344. 
The British Pacifist Point of View. 

Ponsonby, Foreign Policy and the Navy, in Contemporary 
Review, vol. 102, 305-310 ; The Balance of Power in 
Europe, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 94, 434-447. 
Historical Facts. 

Hurd, How England Prepared for War, in Fortnightly Re- 
view, vol. 96, 406-420 ; The Navy and the Future, in 
Edinburgh Review, vol. 219, 448-468. 
German Foreign Policy, 1871-1890. The Formation of the Triple 
Alliance. 

Cambridge Modem History, XII, 134-145, 158-162 ; Seymour, Dip- 
lomatic Background of the War, 1-37, Rose, Development 
of the European Nations, II, 1-28; Bullard, Diplomacy of 
the Great War, 1-23; Tardieu, France and the Alliances, 
123-146. 
The Dual Alliance : France and Russia. 

Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War, 38-44; Seymour, Diplomatic 
Background of the War, 38-60 ; Tardieu, France and the 
Alliances, 1-34; Tardieu, Republic and Monarchy, Fifteen 
Years of French Diplomacy, in North American Review, 

46 



vol. 187, 533-342; Rose, Development of the European Na- 
tions, II, 28-43. 
The Franco-British Entente Cordiale and the Morocco Crisis of 1905. 
Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War, 46-53, 69-101; Seymour, 
Diplomatic Background of the War, 140-176; Schmitt, 
England and Germany, 219-238; Sir Thomas Barclay, Thirty 
Years — Anglo-French Reminiscences, 175-32(3; Garvin, Im- 
perial and Foreign Affairs, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 87, 
987-1005; Tardieu. France and the Alliances, 35-80, 170-209; 
Garvin, King Edward VII and His Reign, in Fortnightly 
Review, vol. 88, 988-1005; Dillon, The Germanization of 
Europe in Contemporary Review, vol. 89; 576-588 (April, 
1906). 
The Anglo-Russian Understanding. 

Tardieu, France and the Alliances. 230-265 ; 
The Triple Entente and the Morocco Crisis of 1911. 

Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War, 102-123; Seymour, Dip- 
lomatic Background of the War, 182-193; Schmitt, England 
and Germany, 238-252, 302-357 ;Cheradame, The Strength and 
Weakness of the Triple Entente, in Quarterly Review, vol. 
215; 244-262; Great Britain and Europe, in Edinburgh Re- 
view, vol. 215, 243-262; Morel, The Recent Franco-German 
Crisis, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 72, 32-43. 
The Crisis of 1908 in the Near East. The Annexation of Bosnia by 
Austria. 

Dillon, Foreign Affairs, in Contemporary Review, vol. 95, 619- 
638, 492-510; Fortnightly Review, vol. 85, 224-234, 1-18, 820- 
822; Austria — Disturber of the Peace, in Fortnightly Re- 
viezv, vol. 93, 249-264, 598-602 ; Colquhoun, The New Balance 
of Power, in North American Review, vol. 191, 18-28; Bul- 
lard, Diplomacy of the Great War, 113-118 ; Schmitt, England 
and Germany, 279-297; Seymour, Diplomatic Background of 
the War, 176-182. 
The Movement for More Friendly Relations between England and 
Germany, 1911-1914. 

Schmitt, England and Germany, 343-357, 366-377; Stowell, The 
Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 562-571; H. H. Johnston, 
German Views of an Anglo-German Understanding, in 
Nineteenth Century, vol. 68, 978-987; Brooks, England, Ger- 
many, and Common Sense, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 91, 
147-159; European Reconstruction and British Policy, in 
Edinburgh Review, vol. 217, 217-237. 
The Trick by Which Russia Was Made to Mobilize First. Dillon, 

E. J., England and Germany, 99-107. 
Attitude of Great Britain toward the Threatening War. British 
Attempts at Mediation. 
Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 195-310; Headlam, 
History of Twelve Days, 289-345; J' Accuse, 245-267; Beck, 

47 



The Evidence in the Case, 61-101 ; Schmitt, England and 
Germany, 419-423, 439-475. 

The Problem of Belgian Neutrality. 

Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 371-456 ; Headlam, His- 
tory of Twelve Days, 346-389; Beck, The Evidence in the 
Case, 196-245; Walter Littlefield, Germany's Strategic Rail- 
ways, in New York Times Current History, vol. 1, 1000-1004; 
Germany vs. Belgium — Case of the Military Documents Pre- 
sented by Both Sides, in New York Times Current History, 
vol. 1, 1101-1119. 

Vital Interests of Great Britain in the Impending War. British En- 
trance into the War after the Invasion of Belgium by Germany. 
Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of 1Q14, 311-370; Schmitt, Eng- 
land and Germany, 475-498. 

Immediate Causes of the Outbreak of War. 

On this subject the amount of material available is already so 
very great that some guidance is necessary for students. 
The diplomatic history of the short period just preceding 
the outbreak of the war is covered in considerable detail by 
the official collections of diplomatic correspondence issued 
by most of the nations at war. "Collected Diplomatic Docu- 
ments Relating to the Outbreak of the European War" (pub- 
lished by Harrison and Sons, London) gives much of this 
material. Most of these documents have been printed by the 
New York Times ( in supplements to or parts of the Sunday 
editions and also in the Times Current History of the War), 
and by the American Association for International Con- 
ciliation, 407 West 117th St., New York City, which distri- 
butes its publications gratis to those who ask as long as the 
supply lasts. 

This diplomatic correspondence has been reviewed, summarized, and 
criticized by many writers. Some of these are E. C. Stowell, The 
Diplomacy of the War of 1914. vol. I (1915) ; Win. Archer, The Thirteen 
Days, July 23-August 4, 1914; J. W. Headlam, History of Twelve Days, 
July 24 to August 4, 1914; and Chit wood, O. P., The Immediate Causes 
of the Great War. 

The Committee on Public Information, 10 Jackson Place, Washington, 
D. C, has issued a number of excellent pamphlets dealing with the war. 
Most of these can be had free of charge. 

Two -surveys of the diplomatic evidence'bitterly hostile to the German 
government are J'Accuse, by a German, and The Evidence in the Case, 
by James M. Beck. In addition to these more pretentious works, there are 
hosts of magazine articles and pamphlets in various languages. 



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